Aurangzeb’s reign (1658-1707) marked a significant shift in the religious and administrative policies of the Mughal Empire. Known for his orthodox Sunni Islamic views, Aurangzeb implemented several conservative Islamic policies that had profound and lasting impacts on the empire.
Implementation of Conservative Islamic Policies #
Reimposition of Jizya:
- Jizya Tax: In 1679, Aurangzeb reintroduced the jizya, a tax levied on non-Muslims, which had been abolished by his great-grandfather Akbar. The reimposition of jizya was seen as a move to reinforce Islamic supremacy and distinguish between Muslim and non-Muslim subjects.
- Tax Collection: The tax was collected from Hindu, Jain, Sikh, and other non-Muslim communities. The reimposition of jizya strained relations between the Muslim ruling elite and the empire’s diverse population.
Destruction of Hindu Temples:
- Temple Destruction Campaigns: Aurangzeb ordered the destruction of several Hindu temples and the construction of mosques in their place. Notable examples include the destruction of the Kashi Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi and the Krishna Janmabhoomi Temple in Mathura.
- Confiscation of Land and Wealth: The confiscated wealth and lands from destroyed temples were often redistributed to build mosques or used for state purposes.
Ban on Certain Practices and Policies:
- Prohibition of Sati: While Aurangzeb enforced a ban on the practice of sati (the self-immolation of widows), which had social and humanitarian implications, it also aligned with Islamic principles.
- Restrictions on Hindu Festivals: Aurangzeb imposed restrictions on Hindu festivals and celebrations, further alienating the Hindu population. Public processions and rituals were curtailed to minimize their visibility and influence.
Islamic Law and Sharia:
- Sharia Enforcement: Aurangzeb sought to enforce Sharia law more rigorously across his empire. He appointed muhtasibs (moral police) to ensure adherence to Islamic laws and moral codes, particularly in urban centers.
- Fatawa-e-Alamgiri: Aurangzeb commissioned the compilation of the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri, a comprehensive code of Islamic law, to serve as the legal and administrative guide for the empire. This codification was aimed at standardizing Islamic jurisprudence and administration.
Promotions and Employment:
- Preference for Muslims: Aurangzeb favored Muslims for high-ranking positions in his administration and military. This policy was a departure from the more inclusive approach of his predecessors, who employed capable individuals regardless of their religious background.
- Discrimination against Non-Muslims: Non-Muslims found it increasingly difficult to rise to prominent positions within the administration, leading to discontent and a sense of marginalization.
Impact of Conservative Islamic Policies #
Alienation of Non-Muslim Communities:
- Hindu Discontent: The reimposition of jizya and the destruction of Hindu temples caused significant resentment among the Hindu population. These policies were perceived as discriminatory and oppressive, leading to widespread discontent.
- Sikh Resistance: The execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur and the persecution of Sikhs under Aurangzeb’s rule fueled the militarization of the Sikh community and intensified their resistance against Mughal authority.
Rise of Regional Powers and Rebellions:
- Maratha Uprising: The Marathas, under leaders like Shivaji and later his successors, intensified their guerrilla warfare against the Mughals. The harsh policies of Aurangzeb alienated the Marathas, leading to protracted conflict and resistance in the Deccan.
- Rajput Rebellions: The Rajputs, who had enjoyed a relatively autonomous and collaborative relationship with previous Mughal rulers, were alienated by Aurangzeb’s policies. This led to renewed conflicts and rebellions in Rajasthan.
- Jat and Satnami Revolts: The Jat and Satnami communities also rose in revolt against Mughal policies, further straining the empire’s resources and military.
Economic Consequences:
- Revenue Strain: Continuous military campaigns to suppress rebellions and enforce policies drained the empire’s treasury. The reimposition of jizya did not compensate for the economic strain caused by prolonged warfare and internal strife.
- Agricultural Decline: The economic disruption caused by rebellions, combined with heavy taxation, led to agricultural decline in several regions. This reduced the overall productivity and revenue of the empire.
Administrative Challenges:
- Fragmentation of Authority: Aurangzeb’s centralization efforts and imposition of conservative policies led to the fragmentation of authority. Regional governors and military commanders often acted independently, weakening centralized control.
- Increased Corruption: The preferential treatment for Muslims and the exclusion of capable non-Muslims from administrative positions led to increased corruption and inefficiency within the bureaucracy.
Cultural and Intellectual Impact:
- Stifling of Cultural Exchange: The conservative policies and religious orthodoxy stifled the rich cultural and intellectual exchange that had characterized earlier Mughal rule. This led to a decline in artistic and cultural patronage.
- Intellectual Backlash: Scholars and intellectuals who promoted more inclusive and progressive views found themselves marginalized. This intellectual repression had long-term implications for the cultural and intellectual dynamism of the empire.
Conclusion #
Aurangzeb’s implementation of conservative Islamic policies had profound and far-reaching impacts on the Mughal Empire. While his commitment to orthodox Islamic principles aimed to reinforce his authority and religious legitimacy, it also alienated large segments of the population, leading to widespread discontent and resistance. The economic, social, and administrative consequences of his policies strained the empire’s resources and undermined its stability, contributing to the gradual decline of Mughal power in the years following his death. Aurangzeb’s reign stands as a complex and contentious period in Indian history, marked by both significant territorial expansion and deep internal divisions.
